Dragonfly migration across Indian Ocean discoveries

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From the BBC:

Longest insect migration revealed

Matt Walker
Editor, Earth News

Every year, millions of dragonflies fly thousands of kilometres across the sea from southern India to Africa.

So says a biologist in the Maldives, who claims to have discovered the longest migration of any insect.

If confirmed, the mass exodus would be the first known insect migration across open ocean water.

It would also dwarf the famous trip taken each year by Monarch butterflies, which fly just half the distance across the Americas.

Biologist Charles Anderson has published details of the mass migration in the Journal of Tropical Ecology.

Each year, millions of dragonflies arrive on the Maldive Islands, an event which is well known to people living there.

“But no-one I have spoken to knew where they came from,” says Anderson, an independent biologist who usually works with organisations such as the Darwin Initiative to survey marine life around the islands.

Their appearance is especially peculiar because the 1200 islands that make up the Maldives lie 500 to 1000km from the mainland of southern India, and all are coral cays with almost no surface freshwater, which dragonflies need to complete their lifecycle.

So in 1983, Anderson started collecting data on the timing of the dragonflies’ arrival.

He then made records each year from 1996 to 2008, and collated data collected by local observers at other localities in the Maldives and India from 2002 to 2008, and on three boats in the Indian Ocean during 1983 and 1996.

When Anderson compared these observations with those made of dragonflies appearing in southern India, he found a clear progression of arrival dates from north to south, with dragonflies arriving first in southern India, then in the Republic of Maldives’ capital Male, and then on more southern atolls.

Each year, dragonflies first appear in Male between 4 and 23 October, with a mean arrival date of 21 October. Dragonfly numbers peak in November and December, before the insects then disappear once more. The insects arrive in waves, with each staying for no more than a few days.

Over 98% of the dragonflies recorded on the islands are Globe skimmers (Pantala flavescens), but Pale-spotted emperors (Anax guttatus), Vagrant emperors (A. ephippiger), Twisters (Tholymis tillarga) and Blue perchers (Diplacodes trivialis) also appear in some numbers.

The dragonflies then reappear between April and June.

Longest journey

The dragonflies are clearly migrating from India across the open sea to the Maldives, says Anderson.

“That by itself is fairly amazing, as it involves a journey of 600 to 800km across the ocean,” he says.

Quite how they do it remains to be confirmed, as in early October at least they appear to be flying against the prevailing winds.

However, come November and December, their movements coincide with the southerly movement of a weather system called the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone, which produces winds at an altitude of more than 1000m.

Anderson suspects the insects ride these winds south, and stop off in the Maldives.

But that is not the end of the animals’ epic adventure.

“As there is no freshwater in Maldives for dragonflies, what are they doing here?” asks Anderson.

“I have also deduced that they are flying all the way across the western Indian Ocean to East Africa.”

Anderson has gathered a wealth of circumstantial evidence to back his claim.

Large numbers of dragonflies also start appearing in the northern Seychelles, some 2700km from India, in November, and then in Aldabra in the Seychelles, 3800km from India, in December.

That matches the south-easterly movement of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone weather system.

It is also known that Globe skimmers appear in large numbers through eastern and southern Africa.

In Uganda, they appear twice each year in March or April and again in September, while further south in Tanzania and Mozambique they appear in December and January.

Record breakers

That strongly suggest that the dragonflies take advantage of the moving weather systems and monsoon rains to complete an epic migration from southern India to east and southern Africa, and then likely back again, a round trip of 14,000 to 18,000km.

“The species involved breeds in temporary rainwater pools. So it is following the rains, taking sequential advantage of the monsoon rains of India, the short rains of East Africa, the summer rains of southern Africa, the long rains of East Africa, and then back to India for the next monsoon,” says Anderson.

“It may seem remarkable that such a massive migration has gone unnoticed until now. But this just illustrates how little we still know about the natural world.”

The monarch butterfly is often cited as having the longest migration of any insect, covering around 7000km in an annual round trip from Mexico to southern Canada.

On average, it takes four generations of butterflies to complete the journey.

Anderson believes that the dragonflies survive the ocean flights by gliding on the winds, feeding on other small insects.

They too, take four generations to make the full round trip each year.

He says the migratory paths of a number of insect-eating bird species, including cuckoos, nightjars and bee-eaters, follow that of the dragonfly migration, from southern India to their wintering grounds in Africa. That suggests the birds feed on the dragonflies as they travel.

“They [fly] at the same time and altitudes as the dragonflies. And what has not been realised before is that all are medium-sized birds that eat insects, insects the size of dragonflies,” he says.

Extraordinary ability

“There are earlier records of swarms of Globe skimmers flying out to sea, and at sea,” Anderson continues.

“But it was always assumed that those dragonflies were doomed. Which says rather more about our earth-bound lack of imagination than it does about the globe skimmers’ extraordinary flying abilities.”

HARDCORE FLYING

Globe skimmers are renowned for their ability to fly long-distances
They can fly up to 6300m high, the highest of any dragonfly species
With a tailwind of 10m per second, a dragonfly could cross from India to Male in 24 hours
Maldivians consider the dragonflies’ arrival to be a harbinger of the north-east monsoon

See also here.

Dragonflies of Nieuwkoopse Plassen, the Netherlands: here.

Mediterranean dragonflies, damselflies, threatened: here.

Butterfly migration in the Netherlands: here.

Female monarch butterflies on 30-year decline in eastern North America: here.

From Discovery News:

Millions of Monarch butterflies migrate to Mexico for the winter and scientists have long speculated on how the insects find their way. Turns out, their antennas are the key.

How do we know? Well, researchers painted butterfly antennas black, and the insects got lost.

Bristletails: here.

How migrating butterflies and moths reach speeds of 90kph: here.

Flying insects tell tales of long-distance migrations. Well-timed travel ensures food and breeding opportunities. ByAlexandra Witze, 6:00am, April 5, 2018.

Migrating insects use the wind to blow them home: here.

Singapore damselflies: here.

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