Coral discovery in Great Barrier Reef

This 25 October 2020 video says about itself:

Join RV Falkor as we conduct ROV SuBastian’s 401st dive on a newly discovered 500 m tall reef.

This is the ninth dive of the ‘Northern Depths of the Great Barrier Reef’ expedition.

Today we are exploring this 500 m tall ‘detached’ reef, one of seven other detached reefs offshore of Cape York Peninsula, which lie upon a ~500 m deep ledge extending out from below the Great Barrier Reef shelf. The dive will cross the broader base, then climb the steep flanks of the reef to the summit at about 50 m depth – an underwater mountain climb to find out what is living on this newly discovered reef.

From the Schmidt Ocean Institute:

Scientists have discovered a massive detached coral reef in the Great Barrier Reef — the first to be discovered in over 120 years, Schmidt Ocean Institute announced. Measuring more than 500 meters high — taller than the Empire State Building, the Sydney Tower and the Petronas Twin Towers — the reef was discovered by Australian scientists aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel Falkor, currently on a 12-month exploration of the ocean surrounding Australia.

The reef was first found on Oct. 20, as a team of scientists led by Dr. Robin Beaman from James Cook University was conducting underwater mapping of the northern Great Barrier Reef seafloor. The team then conducted a dive on Oct. 25 using Schmidt Ocean Institute’s underwater robot SuBastian to explore the new reef. The dive was live-streamed, with the high-resolution footage viewed for the first time and broadcast on Schmidt Ocean Institute’s website and YouTube channel.

The base of the blade-like reef is 1.5km-wide, then rises 500m to its shallowest depth of only 40m below the sea surface. This newly discovered detached reef adds to the seven other tall detached reefs in the area, mapped since the late 1800s, including the reef at Raine Island — the world’s most important green sea turtle nesting area.

“This unexpected discovery affirms that we continue to find unknown structures and new species in our Ocean,” said Wendy Schmidt, co-founder of Schmidt Ocean Institute. “The state of our knowledge about what’s in the Ocean has long been so limited. Thanks to new technologies that work as our eyes, ears and hands in the deep ocean, we have the capacity to explore like never before. New oceanscapes are opening to us, revealing the ecosystems and diverse life forms that share the planet with us.”

“We are surprised and elated by what we have found,” said Dr. Beaman. “To not only 3D map the reef in detail, but also visually see this discovery with SuBastian is incredible. This has only been made possible by the commitment of Schmidt Ocean Institute to grant ship time to Australia’s scientists.”

The discovery of this new coral reef adds to a year of underwater discoveries by Schmidt Ocean Institute. In April, scientists discovered the longest recorded sea creature — a 45m siphonophore in Ningaloo Canyon, plus up to 30 new species. In August, scientists discovered five undescribed species of black coral and sponges and recorded Australia’s first observation of rare scorpionfish in the Coral Sea and Great Barrier Reef Marine Parks. And the year started with the discovery in February of deep sea coral gardens and graveyards in Bremer Canyon Marine Park.

“To find a new half-a-kilometer tall reef in the offshore Cape York area of the well-recognized Great Barrier Reef shows how mysterious the world is just beyond our coastline,” said Dr. Jyotika Virmani, executive director of Schmidt Ocean Institute. “This powerful combination of mapping data and underwater imagery will be used to understand this new reef and its role within the incredible Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area.”

The Northern depths of the Great Barrier Reef voyage will continue until Nov. 17 as part of Schmidt Ocean Institute’s broader year-long Australia campaign. The maps created will be available through AusSeabed, a national Australian seabed mapping program, and will also contribute to the Nippon Foundation GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project.

New Great Barrier Reef coral species discovered

This video is called Great Barrier Reef [National Geographic Documentary HD 2017].

From the Schmidt Ocean Institute:

New corals discovered in deep-sea study of Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

September 9, 2020

For the first time, scientists have viewed the deepest regions of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, discovered five undescribed species consisting of black corals and sponges, and recorded Australia’s first observation of an extremely rare fish. They also took critical habitat samples that will lead to a greater understanding of the spatial relationships between seabed features and the animals found in the Coral Sea.

The complex and scientifically challenging research was completed aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel Falkor, on its fourth expedition of the year, as part of the Institute’s Australia campaign. Using a remotely operated underwater robot to view high-resolution video of the bottom of the ocean floor, some 1,820 meters deep, the science team examined deep-sea bathymetry, wildlife, and ecosystems. The collaborative mission brought together scientists from Geoscience Australia, James Cook University, University of Sydney, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Queensland Museum Network, and Queensland University of Technology, to answer a range of questions about the geological evolution and biology of the deep-sea canyons and reefs.

“This included the most comprehensive midwater robotic dive survey series to ever have been conducted in the South Pacific,” said Dr. Brendan Brooke, the expedition’s lead scientist from Geoscience Australia. “Research vessel Falkor has integrated a range of technologies that have allowed us to work across the full range of ocean depths in the Coral Sea and to provide data for multiple disciplines including geology, biology, and oceanography.”

During the expedition, researchers took the deepest samples ever collected of soft coral and scleractinian coral in the Coral Sea. They also collected the first sample of ancient bedrock beneath the Great Barrier Reef, estimated to be between 40 and 50 million years old. Scientists made the first recorded observation in Australia of the extremely rare fish Rhinopias agroliba, a colorful and well-camouflaged ambush predator in the scorpionfish family. The cruise also included the most comprehensive survey of midwater jellyfish in the South Pacific.

In addition to the underwater dives, high-resolution mapping of the seafloor was conducted and covered 38,395 square kilometers, an area three times greater than Sydney. The maps include all the major coral atolls on the Queensland Plateau within the Coral Sea Marine Park and an 80-kilometer section of canyons off the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

“These maps, samples, and images are fascinating and provide a new understanding of the geological diversity and biological wealth of a region that is already world-renowned for its natural beauty,” said Dr. Jyotika Virmani, executive director of Schmidt Ocean Institute. “The data will help marine park managers to protect these ecosystems that are so vital for our global biodiversity and human health. ”

Live streaming of the 18 underwater robotic dives via Schmidt Ocean’s channel on YouTube and 112 hours of high definition underwater video during the month-long expedition, which ended August 30, allowed the science team to share their knowledge and excitement of the voyage’s discoveries with the world. Through the livestreams, the scientists could interact directly with the public via chat and commentary.

“Schmidt Ocean Institute and the technology that it has brought to Australia is a huge enabler in better understanding our marine resources from a lens of diverse disciplines,” said Dr. Scott Nichol, one of the lead expedition scientists from Geoscience Australia. “This work brings new understanding and will keep the scientists busy for years.”

Which fish eat crown-of-thorns starfish?

This August 2016 video says about itself:

Crown of thorns starfish are responsible for more than half of all coral loss on the Great Barrier Reef. Scientists are looking for ways to use their natural enemy, the giant triton, to disperse the starfish – including using the triton’s scent.

From the Australian Institute of Marine Science:

Fish feces reveals which species eat crown-of-thorns

Great Barrier Reef research finds the destructive starfish is eaten more often than thought

May 18, 2020

Crown-of-thorns starfish are on the menu for many more fish species than previously suspected, an investigation using fish poo and gut goo reveals.

The finding suggests that some fish, including popular eating and aquarium species, might have a role to play in keeping the destructive pest population under control.

The native starfish (Acanthaster solaris) is responsible for widespread damage to the Great Barrier Reef. Since 1962 its population has surged to plague proportions on three occasions, each time causing the loss of large amounts of hard coral. A fourth outbreak is currently underway.

Increasing the amount of predation on starfish has long been touted as a potential solution to preventing outbreaks. However, aside from a mollusc called the Giant Triton (Charonia tritonis), identifying what eats it has been a challenging task.

Now, a team of scientists led by Dr Frederieke Kroon from the Australian Institute of Marine Science in Townsville, Australia, has applied a genetic marker unique for crown-of-thorns, developed at AIMS, to detect the presence of starfish DNA in fish poo and gut contents.

Over three years, Dr Kroon’s team used it on samples taken from 678 fish from 101 species, comprising 21 families, gathered from reefs experiencing varying levels of starfish outbreak.

“Our results strongly indicate that direct fish predation on crown-of-thorns may well be more common than is currently appreciated,” said Dr Kroon.

The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, confirms that at least 18 coral reef fish species — including Spangled Emperor (Lethrinus nebulosus), Redthroat Emperor (Lethrinus miniatus) and Blackspotted Puffer (Arothron nigropunctatus) — consume young or adult starfish on the reef.

Among the species were nine which had not been previously reported to feed on crown-of-thorns. These include the Neon Damsel (Pomacentrus coelistis), Redspot Emperor (Lethrinus lentjan), and the Blackspot Snapper (Lutjanus fulviflamma).

“Our findings might also solve a mystery — why reef areas that are closed to commercial and recreational fishing tend to have fewer starfish than areas where fishing is allowed,” said Dr Kroon.

She and colleagues from AIMS worked with researchers from CSIRO Land and Water and managers from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to conduct the study.

“This innovative research sheds new light on the extent that coral reef fishes eat crown-of-thorns starfish,” said Mr Darren Cameron, co-author of the paper, and Director of the COTS Control Program at the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

“A number of the fish species shown to feed on these starfish are caught by commercial and recreational fisheries, highlighting the importance of marine park zoning and effective fisheries management in controlling crown-of-thorns starfish across the Great Barrier Reef.”

Great Barrief Reef-Australian continent lives interdependent

This 2017 video is called The Global Coral Microbiome Project, Part 1 – Australia.

From Yale-NUS College in the USA:

Airborne microbes link Great Barrier Reef and Australian continent

January 29, 2020

A team of researchers led by Yale-NUS College Professor of Science (Environmental Studies) Stephen Pointing has discovered a link between two different ecosystems, continental Australia and the Great Barrier Reef, due to airborne microbes that travel from the former to the latter. The finding showed that the health of these two ecosystems is more interconnected than previously believed, hence holistic conservation efforts need to span different ecosystems.

Microbes are fundamental to the health of ecosystems, playing roles such as providing energy, oxygen and carbon to other organisms and recycling nutrients from other organisms’ waste products. Prof Pointing’s team recently published two papers in established scientific journals Nature Microbiology and The ISME Journal (a Nature partner journal) on the role of microbes in connecting ecosystems, specifically how microbes from one ecosystem can have significant effects on the well-being of a completely different ecosystem.

The team’s success has grown from development of a new apparatus and methodology to accurately study microbes in air — something that has never been previously done due to the low abundance of airborne microbes and how quickly they degrade once captured for sampling. The team’s first paper, published in the June 2019 issue of the peer-reviewed journal Nature Microbiology, revealed this method and highlighted how some microbes survive better than others during transport in the air over the Southern Ocean.

Their second paper, published in The ISME Journal in November 2019, focused on the interconnectedness between earth, sea, and sky. Prof Pointing and his team observed that vital microbes essential for the flourishing of the Great Barrier Reef are present in the air, and are in fact transported through the air from other ecosystems like the Australian continental landmass.

While there has long been speculation that airborne microbes are absorbed into the Reef, this was the first study that confirmed the existence of such a link. Genetic testing highlighted that the most abundant shared species in the air and coral played important functional roles in both coral and soil ecosystems, suggesting that the atmosphere acts to connect these ecosystems by transporting microbes essential to the health of each between them.

Prof Pointing, who is also Director of the Division of Science at Yale-NUS, said, “In order to make effective policy decisions to protect our natural environment, it is vital to have reliable data on the level of connectivity between different ecosystems. The role that the air plays in ecosystem connectivity has not been appreciated until now. Our research provides empirical evidence that distant ecosystems on land and at sea are connected by the multitude of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi that are transported in air currents between these ecosystems. Because microorganisms are so important to ecosystem health, any change to their transport patterns can have potentially catastrophic environmental impacts.”

The team’s third paper, specially commissioned by Nature Microbiology and published on 28 January 2020, is a position paper setting the direction of research in the field for the next five to 10 years. It explores ways in which human activity affects how microbes are transported in air, such as how pollution particles in the atmosphere can kill microbes, or disrupt or alter their transport patterns. It also explores the potential of some microbes to detoxify toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds in the air, which are known to cause cancer in humans, although further research is required to determine the feasibility of such an endeavour.

Anemonefish can see ultraviolet light

This 2017 video is called Amphiprion akindynos 澳洲藍帶成魚Barrier reef anemonefish.

From the University of Queensland in Australia:

Finding Nemo’s cousins: Meet the little fish that can see UV light

November 11, 2019

Summary: New research reveals anemonefish can see UV light and may use it as a secret channel find their friends and food, while evading predators.

The fish made famous in Finding Nemo can see ultraviolet (UV) light and may use it as a ‘secret channel’ to find both friends and food, according to researchers.

Anemonefish are easily recognised by their striking orange and white patterning, but University of Queensland scientists set out to find out how ‘clownfish‘ see their world and how that influences their behaviour.

Researchers at UQ’s Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) and the University of Maryland (USA) analysed the visual systems of a particular species of anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos.

QBI researcher Dr Fabio Cortesi said the Great Barrier Reef anemonefish was basically Nemo’s cousin.

“We looked at everything starting with the genes they use to see and what proteins they express, and in combination with anatomical data, predicted what these anemonefish can see,” he said.

“Proteins involved in detecting light have minute, well-known differences that influence which wavelengths of light they absorb.”

QBI researcher Dr Fanny de Busserolles, who shares lead authorship on the study with Dr Sara Stieb, said the team was able to discover a unique specialisation in the eye of the fish that may allow them to better detect friends and their anemone.

“In the part of the anemonefish’s eye that looks forward, the photoreceptors detect a combination of violet light and ultraviolet light,” Dr de Busserolles said.

“They seem to be very good at distinguishing colour, and very good at seeing UV — it looks like they use it a lot.”

Dr Sara Stieb said the special ability made sense, based on the fish’s environment and food source.

“Anemonefish live very close to the surface, where UV light can easily penetrate,” Dr Stieb said.

“They live in symbiosis with anemones, and the anemones use UV to grow.

“Moreover, anemonefish feed on zooplankton which absorb UV light, so it would appear like dark dots against the background, making it easy to find.”

Dr Cortesi said UV vision lent anemonefish another important advantage.

“Their visual system seems to be very tuned to recognising who is their friend and who is not,” he said.

“The white stripes on anemonefish reflect UV, which means they should be easier for other anemonefish to recognise.

“By contrast, a lot of the bigger fish — including ones that eat anemonefish — cannot see UV, so if you want to communicate on the reef over short distances, then UV is a very good way to do this.

“UV is essentially a secret channel that only these little fish can use to talk to each other,” he said.

“They can be as flashy as they want and they won’t be seen — and it might be how Nemo’s cousin finds its friends.”

The findings have been published in the journal Scientific Reports.

Great Barrier Reef coral fights for survival

This December 2014 video says about itself:

In what has been described as the “world’s biggest orgy”, coral on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef has spawned in one of nature’s most amazing and rarely-seen shows. In an even rarer occurrence, the coral put on an encore performance, re-producing – or spawning – for the second time in two months, releasing millions of eggs and sperm into the waters of the Great Barrier Reef to fertilise. This almost unseen “split-spawning” event had marine scientists and tourists marvelling in delight.

From the University of Queensland in Australia:

Strange coral spawning improving Great Barrier Reef’s resilience

August 6, 2019

A phenomenon that makes coral spawn more than once a year is improving the resilience of the Great Barrier Reef.

The discovery was made by University of Queensland and CSIRO researchers investigating whether corals that split their spawning over multiple months are more successful at spreading their offspring across different reefs.

Dr Karlo Hock, from UQ’s School of Biological Sciences, said coral mass spawning events are one of the most spectacular events in the oceans.

“They’re incredibly beautiful,” Dr Hock said.

“On Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, all coral colonies typically spawn only once per year, over several nights after the full moon, as the water warms up in late spring.”

Study co-author Dr Christopher Doropoulos from the CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere said sometimes however, coral split their spawning over two successive months.

“This helps them synchronise their reproduction to the best environmental conditions and moon phases,” he said.

“While reproductive success during split spawning may be lower than usual because it can lead to reduced fertilisation, we found that the release of eggs in two separate smaller events gives the corals a second and improved chance of finding a new home reef.”

The research team brought together multi-disciplinary skills in modelling, coral biology, ecology, and oceanography, simulating the dispersal of coral larvae during these split spawning events, among the more than 3800 reefs that make up the Great Barrier Reef.

They looked at whether the split spawning events more reliably supply larvae to the reefs, as well as whether the ability to exchange larvae among the reefs is enhanced by them.

UQ’s Professor Peter J. Mumby said split spawning events can increase the reliability of larval supply as the reefs tend to be better connected and have more numerous, as well as more frequent, larval exchanges.

“This means that split spawning can increase the recovery potential for reefs in the region.

“A more reliable supply of coral larvae could particularly benefit reefs that have recently suffered disturbances, when coral populations need new coral recruits the most.

“This will become more important as coral reefs face increasingly unpredictable environmental conditions and disturbances.”

Dr Hock said the research also revealed that the natural processes of recovery can sometimes be more resilient than originally thought.

“However, even with such mechanisms in place, coral populations can only withstand so much pressure,” he said.

“It all ends up being the matter of scale: any potential benefits from split spawning might be irrelevant if we don’t have enough coral on these reefs to reproduce successfully.

“Mitigating well-established local and global threats to coral reefs — like river runoffs and carbon dioxide emissions — is essential for their continued survival.”

The study between UQ, CSIRO and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies was published in Nature Communications.

Scientists have completed a landmark study on how to save coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans: here.

GIANT ROCK COULD HELP HEAL BARRIER REEF A “raft” of floating pumice rock the size of Manhattan is drifting toward Australia, bringing along new marine life that could help with the recovery of the Great Barrier Reef’s corals, half of which have been killed in recent years as a result of climate change. [CNN]

The first documented discovery of ‘extreme corals’ in mangrove lagoons around Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is yielding important information about how corals deal with environmental stress, scientists say. Thirty-four species of coral were found to be regularly exposed to extreme low pH, low oxygen and highly variable temperature conditions making two mangrove lagoons on the Woody Isles and Howick Island potential ‘hot-spots’ of coral resilience: here.

New, lower-cost help may soon be on the way to help manage one of the biggest threats facing the Great Barrier Reef. That threat is pollution from land making its way downstream by way of the many rivers and streams that flow into coastal waters along the reef. The size of the reef — which stretches for 2,300 kilometres along the Queensland coast — makes it extremely hard to get an idea of what’s happening in real-time. Now, in collaboration with scientists at the Queensland Department of Environment and Science, researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers (ACEMS) have developed statistical predictive tools that could lead to the deployment of many more low-cost sensors in those rivers and streams: here.

A new study into the recent history of the Great Barrier Reef has shown how it responds to rapid sea-level rise and other environmental stresses. The study, conducted at the University of Sydney’s research station at One Tree Island, has upended the established model of Holocene-era reef growth. Using unprecedented analysis of 12 new drilled reef cores with data going back more than 8000 years, the study shows that there have been three distinct phases of reef growth since the end of the Pleistocene era about 11,000 years ago: here.

Great Barrier Reef coral trout babies study

This video says about itself:

Coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus, gather to spawn at dusk around the new moon in spring and early summer at Lizard Island on the northern Great Barrier Reef. Substantial research into the biology and ecology of this highly sought-after table fish has been conducted at the Australian Museum’s Lizard Island Research Station.

This video was shot just before sunset on 27 September 2011 at about 6 metres depth. Males wear spawning colours – very pale with a black outline – that are quite different to their normal colouration. They shimmy up to smaller females as an invitation to join a spawning rush towards the surface.

In this video, a male shimmies at several females and chases off a rival male before making a really fast spawning rush with a female at about 1 minute into the clip. Each fish emitted a puff of spawn at the apex of the rush.

This 4 December 2018 video says about itself:

Can you identify the fish swimming over the acropora coral?

Here are the fish to look our for:

Scarus ghobban – Blue-barred Parrotfish
Plectropomus maculatus – Bar-cheeked Coral Trout
Acanthurus grammoptilus – Finelined Surgeonfish
Lutjanus lemniscatus – Darktail Snapper
Labroides dimidiatus – Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse

This video was recorded on the 9th of August 2018 at 9:08am AEST in Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island, Australia.

From the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies in Australia:

Tracking baby fish for better reef management

August 1, 2019

Summary: Scientists have created the world’s first computer model to predict the movements of baby coral trout across the Great Barrier Reef. The models are validated by in-depth fieldwork and genetic tracking, and will help managers decide which areas need the most protection to ensure future adult populations of coral trout.

A group of Australian scientists has created the world’s first computer model that can accurately predict the movements of baby coral trout across the Great Barrier Reef. The study confirms the importance of fish larvae produced in no-take zones for the health of fish populations within nearby fishing zones.

Tracking the lives of thousands of tiny baby fish is no easy task. But knowing where they’ll settle and spend their lives as adults is invaluable data for the fishing industry and reef managers.

The accuracy of the model was tested in a recent study — led by Dr Michael Bode from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (Coral CoE) at James Cook University (JCU) — that validates the computer predictions with field data.

This is a world-first achievement, combining the movement of ocean currents in and around the Great Barrier Reef with the genetic and behavioural data of fish.

“The study is a unique conservation collaboration between marine biologists, geneticists, and recreational fishers,” Dr Bode said.

“This was a major field effort combined with some clever genetic work that involved matching baby fish to their parents to understand their movement,” co-author Dr Hugo Harrison, also from Coral CoE at JCU, said. “The behaviour of fish in their first few weeks after hatching can really influence where they eventually settle.”

The study focussed on coral trout, Plectropomus maculatus, which is one of the most valuable species of fish regularly caught on the Great Barrier Reef.

To test the computer model’s predictions 1,190 juvenile and 880 adult fish were tracked — from spawning locations to settlement — across the reef for two years.

The computer model recreates the movements of baby fish across space and time by considering what depth the coral trout swim at, how fast they swim, and how they orient themselves as they grow older.

The results highlighted the interconnectedness of reefs, and how important no-take zones are when considering future adult fish populations.

“Our results prove that the Great Barrier Reef’s no-take zones are connected with invisible threads,” Dr Bode said.

“Knowing how reefs are connected to one another means fishers and managers alike can identify which areas are likely to be most productive and need protecting,” Dr Harrison said. “It’s the babies from these protected areas that will continue to restock fish populations on neighbouring reefs where fishing is allowed.”

Dr Bode said establishing the accuracy of these models is an important breakthrough.

“Our match between models and data provides reassuring support for using them as decision-support tools, but also directions for future improvement.”

Great Barrief Reef fish and snakes

This video says about itself:

Deadly Predators of the Reef: the Queensland Grouper and the Sea Snake | BBC Earth

30 June 2018

The reef is full of dangerous predators, including the giant Queensland grouper and the deadly sea snake.

Stretching a full 2000 kilometres in length and made up of 3000 individual reef systems and hundreds of islands, Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is breathtakingly beautiful. Given world heritage status in 1981 it is one of the wonders of the natural world.

Crab fights coral-eating starfish

This video, recorded in Australia, says about itself:

This Crab Doesn’t Take Kindly to Home Intruders

23 jan. 2018

The crown-of-thorns starfish eats coral reefs; coral reefs happen to be the home of the guard crab. This puts these two tenacious aquatic creatures on a direct collision course.

From the series: David Attenborough’s Great Barrier Reef

Manta rays helped by small fish

This video says about itself:

Manta Rays Use Tiny Fish to Help Them Stay Clean

12 January 2018

Wrasse perform a vital cleaning function for other fish, by ridding their bodies of dead cells and parasites. Their biggest customers–literally and figuratively–are the massive manta rays. From the series: David Attenborough’s Great Barrier Reef: Visitors.

Manta rays have an unusual mouth filter that resists clogging. Instead of snagging in the filter, plankton ricochets toward the manta’s throat. By Laurel Hamers, 2:05pm, September 26, 2018.