1918, Spanish flu epidemic kills millions


This video is called The Influenza Pandemic of 1918.

From Discovery Channel:

Last Spanish Flu Survivors Recall Plague

Brett Zongker, Associated Press

Dec. 19, 2006 — At the height of the flu pandemic in 1918, William H. Sardo Jr. remembers the pine caskets stacked in the living room of his family’s house, a funeral home in Washington, D.C.

The city had slowed to a near halt. Schools were closed. Church services were banned.

The federal government limited its hours of operation. People were dying — some who took ill in the morning were dead by night.

“That’s how quickly it happened,” said Sardo, 94, who lives in an assisted living facility just outside the nation’s capital.

“They disappeared from the face of the earth.”

Sardo is among the last survivors of the 1918 flu pandemic.

Their stories offer a glimpse at the forgotten history of one of the world’s worst plagues, when the virus killed at least 50 million people and perhaps as many as 100 million.

More than 600,000 people in the United States died of what was then called “Spanish Influenza.”

The flu seemed to be particularly lethal for otherwise healthy young adults, many of whom suffocated from the buildup of liquids in their lungs.

In the United States, the first reported cases surfaced at an Army camp in Kansas as World War I began winding down.

The virus quickly spread among soldiers at U.S. camps and in the trenches of Europe. It paralyzed many communities as it circled the world.

In 1918 Pandemic, Another Possible Killer: Aspirin: here.

The centenary of the “Spanish Flu”—Lessons for today: here and here.

1918 influenza pandemic (Spanish flu): Large differences in mortality between urban and isolated rural areas: here.

1918 Dutch Spanish flu quackery: here. And here.

The medieval Black Death: here. And here.

22 thoughts on “1918, Spanish flu epidemic kills millions

  1. Researchers unlock secrets of 1918 flu pandemic

    Mon Dec 29, 2008 5:44pm EST

    WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Researchers have found out what made the 1918 flu pandemic so deadly — a group of three genes that lets the virus invade the lungs and cause pneumonia.

    They mixed samples of the 1918 influenza strain with modern seasonal flu viruses to find the three genes and said their study might help in the development of new flu drugs.

    The discovery, published in Tuesday’s issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could also point to mutations that might turn ordinary flu into a dangerous pandemic strain.

    Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin and colleagues at the Universities of Kobe and Tokyo in Japan used ferrets, which develop flu in ways very similar to humans.

    Usually flu causes an upper respiratory infection affecting the nose and throat, as well as so-called systemic illness causing fever, muscle aches and weakness.

    But some people become seriously ill and develop pneumonia. Sometimes bacteria cause the pneumonia and sometimes flu does it directly.

    During pandemics, such as in 1918, a new and more dangerous flu strain emerges.

    “The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most devastating outbreak of infectious disease in human history, accounting for about 50 million deaths worldwide,” Kawaoka’s team wrote.

    It killed 2.5 percent of victims, compared to fewer than 1 percent during most annual flu epidemics. Autopsies showed many of the victims, often otherwise healthy young adults, died of severe pneumonia.

    “We wanted to know why the 1918 flu caused severe pneumonia,” Kawaoka said in a statement.

    They painstakingly substituted single genes from the 1918 virus into modern flu viruses and, one after another, they acted like garden-variety flu, infecting only the upper respiratory tract.

    But a complex of three genes helped to make the virus live and reproduce deep in the lungs.

    The three genes — called PA, PB1, and PB2 — along with a 1918 version of the nucleoprotein or NP gene, made modern seasonal flu kill ferrets in much the same way as the original 1918 flu, Kawaoka’s team found.

    Most flu experts agree that a pandemic of influenza will almost certainly strike again. No one knows when or what strain it will be but one big suspect now is the H5N1 avian influenza virus.

    H5N1 is circulating among poultry in Asia, Europe and parts of Africa. It rarely affects humans but has killed 247 of the 391 people infected since 2003.

    A few mutations would make it into a pandemic strain that could kill millions globally within a few months.

    Four licensed drugs can fight flu but the viruses regularly mutate into resistant forms — just as bacteria evolve into forms that evade antibiotics.

    (Reporting by Maggie Fox, editing by Will Dunham and John O’Callaghan)

    © Thomson Reuters 2008 All rights reserved

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