Giant penguin fossils discovered

This video from the USA says about itself:

30 September 2010

Paleontologists have unearthed the first extinct penguin with preserved evidence of scales and feathers. The 36-million-year-old fossil from Peru shows the new giant penguin’s feathers were reddish brown and grey, distinct from the black tuxedoed look of living penguins. The animal was nearly five feet tall.

From daily The Guardian in Britain:

Pick up a penguin: remains of giant red species found

Scientists believe discovery could explain how the smaller, modern-day creature evolved

* Sam Jones
* Thursday 30 September 2010 19.00 BST

Scientists have discovered the fossilised remains of an enormous red-feathered penguin that cast a long and waddling shadow across the shores of Peru 36m years ago.

The fossils of the beast, which were discovered by Peruvian student Ali Altamirano in the Paracas National Reserve on the country’s southern coast, could help explain how its modern descendants evolved.

The new species – known as Inkayacu paracasensis, from the Quechua for water king – was nearly one-and-a-half metres tall, making it twice the size of its largest living relative, the Emperor penguin.

Its plumage was as distinctive as its stature. Feathers still attached to the bird’s wing revealed that it would have been reddish-brown and grey in contrast with the black-and-white of living penguins.

After finding a patch of scaly, soft tissue preserved on one of the penguin’s exposed flippers, the team nicknamed it Pedro after the hero of a Colombian telenovela.

Pedro’s remains show that while the flipper and feather shapes that makes penguins such excellent swimmers evolved early on, the colour patterning of modern penguins is likely to be a far more recent development.

Like living penguins, and unlike all other birds, the creature’s feathers were radically modified in shape, densely packed and stacked on top of each other to form stiff, narrow flippers.

Researchers established Pedro’s plumage colours by comparing its melanosomes – the tiny, pigment-carrying structures within cells that give birds’ feathers their hues – with those of living penguins.

In a paper published today in the online edition of the journal Science, they report that the fossil‘s melanosomes were much smaller than those of its modern descendants.

The melanosomes found in today’s penguins give their feathers great resistance to wear and fracturing, leading the researchers to speculate that the change in their feathers may been produced in response to the birds’ aquatic lifestyle.

The change in colouration, they argue, could also be explained by the arrival of penguin predators such as seals.

“Before this fossil, we had no evidence about the feathers, colours and flipper shapes of ancient penguins,” said Julia Clarke, a palaeontologist at the University of Texas at Austin’s Jackson School of Geosciences and the lead author of the paper. “We had questions and this was our first chance to start answering them.”

See also here. And here. And here. And here. And here. And here. And here. And here. And here.

This Adelie penguin with unusually light colouring may well be a leucistic specimen. This bird was seen and photographed in 1963 on Avian Island, off Adelaide Island on the Antarctic Peninsula in 1963, near the British Antarctic Survey Base by reader Mike Fleet. Adelie penguins more usually have a black back rather than brown. Adelie chicks are much ‘fluffier’ when young, and when they moult their infant feathers they are black: here.

The only prehistoric bird ever to be mentioned in an H.P. Lovecraft novel–albeit indirectly, as a blind, murderous, feathered albino–Anthropornis was the largest penguin of Eocene Australia, circa 40 million years ago, attaining heights of close to six feet and weights in the neighborhood of 200 pounds: here.

Emperor penguins mass mourning after chicks die on Antarctic ice shelf. The Daily Telegraph: here.

How blue penguins got their colored tuxes: here.

Military coup attempt in Ecuador

This video is the film THE REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE TELEVISED, about the attempted Rightist military putsch in 2002 in Venezuela.

After the Pinochet military dictatorship in Chile … after the failed Rightist military attempt in Venezuela to oust democratically elected President Chavez … after the military dictatorship which overthrew democratically elected President Zelaya of Honduras last year … today, an attempt to replace the democratically elected Leftist government of Ecuador with a dictatorship.

Attempted Coup in Ecuador: On the Ground Report from Sofia Jarrin: listen here.

PRESS RELEASE: Obama Administration Should Oppose Any Attempted Coup in Ecuador: here.

Update: according to Dutch NOS TV, the coup attempt seems to be mainly the work of some elements in the police; while the army commander has said that the supports elected President Correa.

Ecuador declares state of emergency: here.

Translation of ALAI article “Ecuador: Attempted Coup”: here.

Dutch Wilders MP arrested for violence

Marcial Hernandez on PVV leafletFrom DutchNews.nl:

PVV parliamentarian arrested for head butt

Thursday 30 September 2010

An MP for the anti-Islam PVV spent Wednesday night in a police cell after being involved in a fracas in the centre of The Hague, news agency ANP reports.

Marcial Hernandez, elected to parliament in June, is a former army officer. He was arrested after reportedly giving someone – said to be a civil servant from the economic affairs department, a head butt and was released on Thursday morning.

The other man is pressing charges, ANP said.

According to ANP, Hernandez was in the Kosovo and Afghanistan wars (as a major). It looks like this MP of this xenophobic party, the party of Geert Wilders, wants to bring the violence of those bloody wars to the Netherlands.

Wilders on trial: here.

The racist Freedom Party won more than a quarter of the vote in local elections in Vienna on Sunday on the back of a hate-mongering campaign: here.

The Rise of Racists and Islamophobes in Europe: How the Right Thrives on Crisis: here.

Extreme Opinions: Right-Wing Attitudes On the Rise in Germany: here.

Dolphin esperanto discovered?

This video is called Bottlenose Dolphins & Pseudo Orcas in Drake Bay, Costa Rica.

From the BBC:

Thursday, 30 September 2010 12:47 UK

Dolphin species attempt ‘common language’

By Matt Walker
Editor, Earth News

When two dolphin species come together, they attempt to find a common language, preliminary research suggests.

Bottlenose and Guyana dolphins, two distantly related species, often come together to socialise in waters off the coast of Costa Rica.

Both species make unique sounds, but when they gather, they change the way they communicate, and begin using an intermediate language.

That raises the possibility the two species are communicating in some way.

Details are published in the journal Ethology.

It is not yet clear exactly what is taking place between the two dolphin species, but it is the first evidence that the animals modify their communications in the presence of other species, not just other dolphins of their own kind.

Biologist Dr Laura May-Collado of the University of Puerto Rico in San Juan made the discovery studying dolphins swimming in the Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge of the southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica.

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are larger, measuring up to 3.8m long, with a long dorsal fin.

Guyana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) are much smaller, measuring 2.1m long, and have a smaller dorsal fin and longer snout, known as a rostrum.

Both species swim in groups made up of their own kind.

When bottlenose dolphins swim together, they emit longer, lower frequency calls, that are modulated.

In contrast, Guyana dolphins usually communicate using higher frequency whistles that have their own particular structure.

But often, the two species swim together in one group. These interactions are usually antagonistic, as the larger bottlenose dolphins harass the smaller Guyana dolphins.

When the two dolphins gather, they produce quite different calls, Dr May-Collado has discovered.

Crucially, calls emitted during these multi-species encounters are of an intermediate frequency and duration.

In other words, the dolphins start communicating in a style that is somewhere between those of the two separate species.

“I was surprised by these findings, as I was expecting both species to emphasise, perhaps exaggerate, their species-specific signals,” Dr May-Collado told the BBC.

“Instead the signals recorded during these encounters became more homogenous.

“This was a very exciting discovery.”

As yet, Dr May-Collado cannot be sure if both species are changing the way they communicate, or whether it is one species attempting to call more like the other.

That is because her sound equipment could only record the total calls produced by mixed species groups of dolphins, and could not separate out sounds made by individuals.

“This limits how much I can say about how much they are communicating,” says Dr May-Collado.

However, dolphins are known to have an extraordinary ability to change their calls when ‘talking’ to other individuals, or to ensure they are heard over the din of background noise pollution.

So “I wouldn’t be surprised that they can modify their signals to mimic, and even possibly communicate with other species. Particularly when their home ranges force them to interact on a daily basis, which is the case of this study,” she says.

It is also unclear whether the two species are simply learning to communicate using a common language, or whether the Guyana dolphins alone are making the new sounds due to stress.

It could even be that the Guyana dolphins are attempting “to emit threatening sounds in the language of the intruder”, in a bid to make the bottlenose dolphins desist, Dr May-Collado says.

Papua New Guinea miniature seahorse on video

From British daily The Guardian about this video:

The pygmy seahorse of Papua New Guinea

This lovely video captures one of the nine miniature seahorse species known so far

Jean-Michel Cousteau and his Ocean Futures Society team were extremely fortunate to get an up-close look at this tiny coral reef resident in the waters of Papua New Guinea – a miniature seahorse!

Captured on film is one of the smallest vertebrates in the world – the pygmy seahorse. Living in the tropical waters of New Guinea and belonging to the same genus as their larger cousins but reaching a maximum size of about an inch, its no wonder that many of these miniature species have only been discovered within the last decade. Currently there are nine known species but, with scientists and divers exploring more reefs and making better observations, surely there will be more discoveries to come.

Hope for seahorses in Sydney Harbour, Australia: here.

Seahorses get new home: here.

The seahorse’s peculiar body shape is not just for show: it may be an adaptation for hunting prey: here.

Why do seahorses resemble horses? Here.

Female fish flaunt fins to attract a mate: here.

Long-legged buzzard nests in Spain

This is a long-legged buzzard video.

From the Dutch bird researchers of SOVON:

The long-legged buzzard, Buteo rufinus, is breeding in southern Spain since 2009.

In 2009, there was one couple with two chicks. In 2010, there were at least two couples (one couple with three chicks) and three occupied territories. So, this African species is moving north.

More about this in Spanish daily El Pais.